Motivation: The key to success Essay

Motivation is the desire to do something and achieve the many goals in life, no matter how many obstacles you have to go through. To many people, it is the essential element that pushes them towards what they want to be. From setting goals, to working hard to achieve them, and finally accomplishing them. There is several motivation theories like: Incentive theory of motivation, which suggests that people are motivated to do things because of external rewards. For example, people go to work everyday for the reassurance that they will get paid at the end of the month. Another type of theory is the Drive theory. It is when people are motivated to take actions to reduce the tension that is produced from unimportant needs. Thirst, hunger and warmth are some examples of drives. Arousal theory is yet another theory. It when you take actions that control your level of arousal. When your arousal level gets high you might want to relax by meditating or reading a book. And when your arousal lev el gets low, you’d want to go for a jog or watch an exciting movie. Last but not least, the Humanistic theory is commonly a motivation behavior in which all businessmen have. It is the strong reasons that lead people to perform various actions like creating a business. It is famously showed by Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which presents different motivations at different levels. And it is the desire to fulfill one’s individual potential. These are the different psychological behaviors people act on when they are motivated. But is motivation important in everybody’s life? Yes it is. Mostly businesses. Motivation is the main factor to which why businesses around the world are successful. No man started a business without getting motivated to take action and achieve his goal of starting a successful business. It keeps you moving towards your goals. Motivation in a business insures that the employees work hard and it improves their level of efficiency. It leads to productivity and stability of work force. The benefits of having a well motivated indicates lower staff turnover, lower absenteeism, higher productions, pleasant working atmosphere, more co-operation and happiness in the working environment leads to innovation. If you lot interest in your business, you loose your motivation and that can immensely affect your business negatively. Motivation is the main reason to success Maslow’s  hierarchy of needs is one of the most famous theories of motivation. Abraham Maslow believed that the reason people go to work changes. So he created a hierarchy of needs, which he thinks people will go to work for. At the bottom of the hierarchy he put the essentials in one’s life, physiological needs such as air, food, shelter and clothing. Safety and security come on top of the basic needs. Every employee should be provided with protection from any danger in his or her working environment. Social needs are in the middle of the hierarchy. Trust and care are to be present in one’s working environment to increase productivity in the business and ensure employees are happy. Employees also need esteems needs, they need to be recognized and respected for the work they have done and praised for their achievements. Finally, at the top of the hierarchy is self-actualization means that people need to feel some fulfill ment in what they do. Many businesses follow this theory and are well motivated and are one of the most successful businesses. Let’s take Kelloggs for example. They provide their staff with every need in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and that is why their staff is well motivated and they have less absenteeism. In the other hand, Herzberg’s two-factor theory helps gives employees job satisfaction like achieving aims, chance of promotion, responsibility, interesting work, recognition and personal development. He called that factor motivators. But it doesn’t mean that motivators satisfies all the workers needs. He called the other factor hygiene factors that satisfies all a worker’s other needs like pay, working conditions, job security, quality of supervision, staff relationships and company policy. This theory tells us that dividing all an employee’s needs in 2 different factors that cannot work alone only together is the most effective way of making a business successful and well motivated. For example, the business would make the work interesting so the employees woul d feel well motivated. But, employees would also loose their motivation if hygiene factors such as pay and job security weren’t offered in a business which would result in failure in the business. These 2 theories that I have mentioned are different, but very similar in some ways. One thing they do have in common is that they are the factors to a well motivated and successful businesses. They both relate on the argument that â€Å"we behave as we do because we attempting to fulfill a certain needs†. They both specify the subject as to what motivates people. However, it all depends on your  values and norms. For example, the Japanese say that safety and physiological needs are most important to them while employees in Norway say that social needs are the most important to them in their working environment. Herzberg’s hygiene factor relates to Maslow’s basic needs, safety and social needs. Also, Herzberg’s motivators idea corresponds with Maslow’s esteem and self-actualization. These theories are the most useful theories in making a business successful. Kellogg’s a very famous business that has well-motivated staff. For example, they offer competitive salaries. It gives people the means to acquire the basic needs for living. Kellogg’s also offers flexible benefits program that allows employees to choose benefits that suit them. The staff has a sense of belonging in their working environment. Another well-known business is data connection. Employees say that the managers care about them as individuals. they feel a sense of belonging. The business also provided free healthcare for employees and provides a pay that satisfies their safety and security. These are some of the successful businesses. Motivations are truly the key to success.

Life Expectancy and Resources

| | |To Drill or Not to Drill | |HUM/114 | | | | | The topic of drill or not to drill is a big topic. Some believe that we have plenty of resources now and that we should save them for later generations that may need them more than we do. Instead they think we should invest in alternative sources of energy, such as solar power and wind.Others believe that we should go ahead and use the resources that we have available to use, starting with the untapped oil fields in Alaska and in the Gulf Coast, and even all the other areas in the country that have not been explored. Others say trying to obtain new power sources will be very expensive and a long process. I can honestly say that I agree with both sides but I am in favor of the United States using all the resources they have and not trying to come up with new way to power America.A new way to power America is not a bad idea just not the one we need to fix our problem. Solar panels and windmills still should be worked on for the fu ture of America, but as for the present we should use all our oil resources. The reason I say that we need to use our resources is that we are not going to live forever, the average human life expectancy is 67. 2 years. So in 200 years that would be my third generation of children and I am sure in 200 years they will have the same issues that we have today if not worse.Our country had an energy shortage in the 1970s and I am sure that they were saying the same things that scientist are saying today. On the other hand I do believe that we should look into securing other sources of energy just as a backup. There is nothing wrong with developing a plan b, in a just in case situation. Even though the majority of scientists think that we will never run out of resources, there are still some scientist that think that we do not have much time left. More research and studies can help us come up with a better solution to the questions that we all have.All the data that the scientists are com ing up with should be compiled and have a scientist with an unbiased opinion examine the data from both scientist and see exactly where we stand as a country. If we were not to take our focus off finding more resources and still try and find other ways to power our nation we would still be accomplishing both goals. If at any time we needed to switch over to non-fossil fuel energy we could. We need energy, so why not find as much as we can now and not worry about if we will run out of the resources that we are using.The children are the future and as long as we keep producing them than there will always be someone who can figure out how to find the United States more energy. Reference Validation for gas guzzlers and comfort for those who fear oil shortage. (2005, Mar 19). National Post, pp. FW. 9-FW9. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/330334817? accountid=35812 Foss, B. (2006, May 22). How much oil is there, and when will we run out? Buffalo News, pp. C. 4-C4. Retri eved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/381749245? accountid=35812

Understanding Nursing Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Understanding Nursing Theory - Essay Example Grand theory presenters start theoretical formulation at abstraction level and these formulations never link the realities. Roy’s (1971) work was designated for the grand theory. Roy presented the adaptation model. In the adaption model of Roy, a person was perceived as receiving the adaptive system for inputs. This input may be as the stimuli from the external environment, which is processed by the feedback or internal processes. These processes are inherent in the changing abilities of individuals and result into an output in the form of either ineffective response or adaptive (Parse, 2001). Middle range Theory is less abstract and more specific in its scope, which reflects a practice and also addresses the specific phenomenon. This theory deals with a limited number of aspects of real world concepts. A mid-range theory is made up of relative concrete concepts, which are concrete propositions and defined operationally. These concepts can be tested empirically. A period of ten years ago, Georgene Eakes, Mary Burke, and Margaret Hainsworth developed the theory of Chronic Sorrow. This is the application of the middle range theory of nursing that explains the periodic recurrence of a continuous sadness or grief feeling over an important loss. This presents the normal response to the loss. Because, parents always felt sadness over their children’s mental retardation and this response was not permanent. Clinicians could intervene in these conditions if they had similar beliefs. This theory also related with the feelings of parents who have premature infants. Hainsworth, Eakes, & Burke (1994) found that mothers of those children with the spina bifida also had a pervasive sadness. This theory focuses upon the specific phenomenon, which mirror out the clinical practices and has narrowest interest range. This theory is limited to a particular population or a specific field of

Essential of forensic investigation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Essential of forensic investigation - Case Study Example The humanity has been served by the forensic science for decades, yet there are major flaws which influence the court decisions in criminal cases and the case of ‘Murder of Marilyn Sheppard in 1954’ underlines how fatal can be the forensic science investigations. On the pretext of the case, the study analyzes the ways of recovering evidence, the ways of analyzing them and the way they were presented at court. The paper also examines the details of the police investigation and the sort of evidence used in the investigation. It also focuses on the techniques used in the examination and the relevance of the techniques in the current forensic examination. Further, the paper examines the types of evidence, number of evidence taken into consideration or overlooked. The evidence taken into consideration was the only prime evidence or it was part of a bigger picture is also discussed in this study along with analyzing the fact that whether they were given due importance by the court and the police investigation or not. If yes, how was the evidence used used at trial, and, if not, why? It also speculates the possible conclusion, if the case is tried now. The case study also examines the factors that went wrong as well as the factors that can be consi dered as good practices. It also identifies the desirable or necessary changes that would have affected the outcome of the case. For examining the crime scenes the only scientific process is the forensic science and its investigation reports are quite important for influencing court decisions. In the selected case the decision made once was reversed in the second trial of the case and the second trial of the case was accepted by the court on the basis of new forensic investigation and it proved how important the evidence collected by the forensic scientists and their investigation are for the legal purposes. Often, forensic

Postmodernism in animation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Postmodernism in animation - Research Paper Example Baudrillard and Frederic Jameson to popular animation series such as Beavis and Butt-head, Drawn Together and Harvey Birdman that aimed to target adult audiences with their content and themes. The first part of the paper intends to explore the specific theories presented by commentators on postmodernism, in order to apply the elements of the concepts with regards to the animated television series under discussion thereby concluding that aspects of postmodernism and its cultural components are visible in the animated representations of popular culture. Lyotard’s description and assessment of the world, in his essay titled â€Å"The Postmodern Condition† puts forward the limitations of believing in the positivity associated with a social and cultural agreement, thereby, postulating that postmodernism should in fact strive to work against the foundations of this widespread consensus which is an unattainable or utopian state due to the aspects related to the emergence and progress of popular culture which preaches plurality rather than singularity, this assertion led to the development of the concept of metanarratives and recognized the need to promote knowledge that is held by the general population rather than what is advocated by dominant cultural and political forces through the means of Grand narratives (til B.A-prà ³fs and Bjà ¶rnsson 2006). However, for Baudrillard (1994) the notions of postmodernism are associated with the representation of what he terms as hyperreality, such that in the society of today symbols or signs are no longer associable to their existence in reality but due to the emergence of a simulacrum can be traced to the subsistence of other elements. Perhaps, the most viable link of Baudrillard’s theory of hyperreality can be traced to the projections of media such as film and television which create the hyperreality and then propogate it (til B.A-prà ³fs and Bjà ¶rnsson 2006). With its comprehensions of society and culture, postmodernism has

Please set up the topic for me 234 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Please set up the topic for me 234 - Essay Example It mainly lays emphasis on the people in an organisation. It is defined as a series of incorporated decisions which form the employment connection; their quality adds to the capability of the company as well as the employees to attain their objective. Human resource management is also referred as a collection of programmes, activities and functions designed as well as carried out to maximise the organisational as well as employee effectiveness (Aswathappa, 2005). Organisational behaviour explains people’s behaviour in an organisation. Organisations are the social systems encompassing different types of interconnected sub-systems such as social/human sub-system and another sub-system involves decision-making, production, administrative and technological sub-systems. The fundamental nature of social/human sub-system lays emphasis on the presentation of the employees of the company and the leadership and management required (Fox, 2006). Organisational behaviour drew its major inspiration from Hawthorn Studies, which was expressed by Elton Mayo in the late 1920s. These studies initially highlighted the complication of human nature in the organizational setting. This led to the identification of the significance of social context inside which work happens; as well as the means in which the groups’ turns into a considerable influence on the individual behaviour (Martin, 2005). Human Resource Management focuses on the people and human being’s behaviour. It is defined as an organizational tool that assists in efficient thinking and rationalization (Alvesson and Berg, 1992). It goes further than physical contributions in order to include cognitive, emotional, and creative aspects of workers. Employees communicate opinions, suggestions, feelings and complaints in order to boost production and satisfaction (Robbins and Judge, 2009). It is apprehensive with the workers both

A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner - Essay Example It seems that Faulkner has developed the character of Emily with the purpose of exposing the society and how mean it can be to some individuals. Through the character of Emily, the film exhibits the hidden desires of black women in the contemporary society, wishing for social aristocracy on the social plain. What was the movie about? The movie shed light upon the theme of decay and how Emily loses everything in her life, she stops talking to everyone and decides to totally cut herself off from the society. She also commits financial fraud by not paying her taxes. The authorities sent her several notices but she decided to ignore them and never paid the dues to the government clearly committing financial fraud. To their respective existence in the society, both black and white people were striving side by side. Due to this reason the racial discrimination aspect was dormant and both black and white people come close to each other. It is one of the main reasons that Homer Barron and Em ily reach so close to each other that they develop an emotional bond among them. However, Emily was possessive about her beloved to such an extent that after the first time that she left her, she was desperate to ensure that Barron would stay with her for the rest of her life. Consequently, she kills him and preserves him in her house. Apparently, Emily’s action can be interpreted in general terms of blind love but an attempt to analyzing her character from social perspective makes it clear that as Emily, unlike other black women of her time had a white partner she actually developed a kind of pride that consequently nourished her imaginary sense of social aristocracy. It was impossible for her to sacrifice that cherished sense of aristocracy and by killing Barron she finally retains her self-pride. Emily’s State of Mind The film is very intriguing and covers many aspects of human personality, Emily is the most important character in the story and she takes her revenge in the story by killing Homer. She supposedly poisoned Homer to death. She bought rat poison to kill Homer; Homer was last seen by the people residing in the same locality as Emily entering the kitchen of Emily’s house. Emily becomes so desperate in the story that she forgets everything and seeks emotional support from the corpse of Homer. She cannot be blamed for revenge in the story. She was emotionally broken and had no friends or family members who she could connect with. Homer was the only person in the story who shows promising signs of bringing Emily to sanity but she soon discovers that he was interested in men and she could not digest this fact. Out of utter desperation she chose to poison Homer. This is quite evident from the fact that the corpse of Homer was found in the bed room of her house when she died. The locality members were shocked when they opened the room after several long years. She used to embrace the corpse of Homer and derive emotional support. Thi s cannot be called as revenge; this is utter desperation to seek emotional support. Laws broken by Emily and Homer Emily and Homer both commit frauds of different nature in the movie. Emily does not pay her taxes and Homer ditched Emily by not marrying her.  

Compare and Contrat Paper on For-Profit and Traditional Colleges Essay

Compare and Contrat Paper on For-Profit and Traditional Colleges - Essay Example FPCUs, apart from providing education, are founded on profit making motives thus are run like businesses, charging fees to all students they enroll. The FPCUs emerged to address some of inadequacies facing the traditional universities and colleges due emerging trends in education and increased need for higher education. By 2007, in America, the FPCUs were educating over two million students each year, already having penetrated the minds of students and the community through extensive marketing campaigns and directional signs indicating their location (Hentschke et al 1). Currently, most of the societal segments are very empowered on the role of post secondary education in increasing chances for getting a job, increasing income and improving the standards of life thus more people would like to pursue postsecondary education increasing it demand. This situation is more of a business opportunity, which for profit enterprises are more likely to respond to unlike the public and private no nprofit entities (Hentschke et al 1). The for profit entities respond to these opportunities by offering college and university education in a business model environment run as corporations or individual businesses. These ventures are providing solution to nontraditional students by offering them training in specific roles in varied occupational fields having been previously not well served by the traditional colleges and universities. Reasons for emergence of FPCUs from traditional colleges and universities Several factors have fuelled emergence of FPCUs from traditional colleges and universities (TCUs) including: revenue pressure, academic reputation, Social Consciousness and Diversity, and management. Revenue pressure In America, the public support per student has stagnated while the real cost of providing college education per student continues to grow, pressurizing the institutions to raise revenue by increasing fees amount per student (Berg 16). Increased cost of education inc reases the number students in need of low cost education thus the TCUs are forced to make aggressive recruitment aimed at increasing revenue. With this strategy in place, the TCUs start embracing business ideas of marketing. In addition, the TCUs form alliances with private sector and businesses in order to generate enough revenues to sustain their programs, which make universities to put more efforts on efficiency and commercializing it activities. With commercialization efforts, profit eventually motives crop, leading to transformation to FPCUs. Academic reputation Maintaining and improving academic reputation is the ultimate goal of any academic institution. Efforts to maintain academic reputation are challenged by the changing demographics of the population served, competition, maintaining identity and fighting elitism (Berg 20). To maintain the reputation, institutions have to be more competitive by marketing themselves. This puts pressure on TCUs, forcing them to seek commerci al options, leading to emergence of profit motives and creating room for FPCUs. Social Consciousness and Diversity In offering college education, diversity leading to equal opportunity has always been a challenge with TCUs. This has been mainly due to traditional preoccupations with ethnic reflection in the student body and the

Critical analysis of affected of economic crisis on the luxury brand market Essay Example for Free

Critical analysis of affected of economic crisis on the luxury brand market Essay I- Introduction Luxury Market has been important parts of the global retail market as well an important part of the global economy. Bain Company (2011) estimate the value of traditional luxury market including fashion, jewellery and Dinnerware line represents approximately â‚ ¬ 150 billion to â‚ ¬ 200 billion in 2010 which is an dramatic increase from estimate that the global luxury market was worth about $ 86 billion in 1990 (McKinsey Co, 1990). Since the 1980s, the luxury market has been growing at ten per cent per year. The growth rate of luxury is much higher than the growth rate of the global economy, which makes the luxury industry, relevant and important economic factor in the economy McKinsey (2011). Larousse (2005 p. 762) states: â€Å"Sophistication, which makes the splendour and comfort in the ways to live† The consummation of luxury by customers is due to the motivation to buy specific brands with quality products. The use of its products and consumer motivation are the result of consumption (Ahuvia Wong, 1998). See more: how to write a good critical analysis essay Uncertainties are present in the current economic climate but Bain Company (2011) estimates that the luxury market is going to grow in the coming years at about five to six per cent per year around the world and in Asia with more than a ten percent growth rate. As mass market manufacturing increases, companies want to increase the quality of their luxury products in order to retain their customers (Heine, 2011). A better understanding of the effect of the economic crisis on the luxury fashion brands will be identified and understood for the purposes of understanding the effect of the economic crisis on the luxury product industry. Kapferer, (2009) argues that without clear-cut specification of luxury it is impossible to distinguish the luxury consumer or luxury brand, from others who are not. In this thesis the author will start by explaining the aims and how the author intends to achieve his aims. Then a literature review will be undertaken to try and determine and define what luxury is and define various factors, which make a product luxury. The author will also try and generate a better understanding of why are luxury products important and the different target markets who they is important for. The author will discuss the methods used to complete the study. The Author will then present various factors, which affect the Luxury fashion brands in the economic downturn. Finally the author will provide his findings and conclude discussing the effects of the economic downturn on the luxury fashion market 1. 1 Rational The author has chosen to approach and better understand the world of luxury because of a personal interest at an academic level. In addition, the author being a student of luxury for more than 5 years want to deeper understand how big luxury brand adapted to the economic crisis. 1. 2 Aims Objectives The objective of this thesis is to study and analyse the luxury market and the threats that surround it. The aim of this study is to examine to what extent the economic crisis affects the luxury market. The objective is to understand the concepts implemented by the luxury market during this period of financial crisis. This thesis will be useful for understanding and analysing the luxury market and understand the various tools marketing used. 1. 3 Research question -Understand the luxury market and its operation. -Understanding the economic crisis on the financial market of luxury and magnitude. -Assess the extent to which marketing tools are used during the economic crisis. -Include the importance of consumer and luxury image in marketing. -Evaluate the various threats of the luxury market. 1. 4 Theoretical framework II- Methodology The methodology chapter will allow the researcher to understand and describe the different methods that can be used to successfully complete the objectives of this research project and move towards the aim of the research. Gillham (2000) explained that some methods are more appropriate depending on the subject and objectives. It is necessary to adapt the methodology on the project. Gillham (2000) also argues that research is about creating new knowledge, in a multitude of disciplines such as medicine, history or social works, by using evidence in the form of quantitative and qualitative data. The definition of methodology, according to Hart (2007, p. 28) is: â€Å"A system of methods and rules to facilitate the collection and analysis of data. It provides the starting point of choosing an approach made up of theories, ideas, concepts and definitions of the topic; therefore the basics of a critical activity consisting of making choices about the nature and characters of the social world (assumptions). This should not be confused with techniques of research, the application of methodology. † In this section the researcher highlights, discusses and assesses the methods used for the collection and evaluation of data. The researcher will focus on secondary research for the purpose of this research; the methodology will include the reasoning and justification for the choice of research design, construction method and also the sample of literature to be used to demonstrate a thorough understanding of the aims and objectives of the research. 2. 1 Choice of the research design Research is defined by Saunders et al. (2003, p. 488) as the systematic collection and interpretation of information with a clear purpose. The goal is to collect and analyse information to get a clear and established goal. The most appropriate method for this study is secondary research. It was selected by the author with the aim of examining the luxury market and the various threats that surround it as the crisis. The goal is to achieve a critical analysis of the current market situation for luxury brands. In addition Cottrell (2005) argues that many reliable sources are now available online. Secondary research via the Internet can provide data of better quality than the result of primary research. In performing secondary research, the author has made a very wide collection of information from the literature. Reading books, newspapers and articles online, acquired a clear and comprehensive knowledge of the subject. Considered safe by Saunders et al. (2003, p. 52) and it is recommended that. They are evaluated by peers before publication to assess their quality and convenience. To ensure that the collection of information, theory and models necessary and relevant; the author also conducted secondary research in the sources of the luxury market. The press releases and video from website such as Vogue, Fashion TV, Word of Fashion has allowed to deepen the knowledge. Stewart and Kami (1993) explain that the use of secondary data sources is an advantage. In addition, the authors point out that it allows the researcher to make a comparative analysis between the new collected data and previous data. 2. 2 Construction of design You need to maintain a critical perspective, the evaluation of the study on its own merits and in comparison with other studies on the same or similar problem. According to Saunders and al. (2003 p. 483) Saunders et al. (2003 p. 488) explains also the research: The systematic collection and interpretation of information with a clear purpose The objective of the systematic collection and interpretation of information is to analyse and criticize the effects of economic crisis on the market of luxury brands. The research plan established for this research project is the collection of qualitative information in a secondary search. During the construction and implementation of secondary research, it did not just say to read the previous literature, as explained Rudestam and Newtown (2001, p. 60) Critical evaluation is an integral party of process research and allows the completion of the secondary research. According to Cottrell (2005) Critical thinking is a complex function of deliberation that provides the skills and attitudes. Human nature is not the same for everyone. Some people are suspicious and the other is in trust. But in critical thinking that is different. This is not a character trait but a system of methodology used to analyse. According to Stewart (1993) and Saunders (2003) that secondary research is better suited for this research. In this thesis, the researcher collected data only secondary, secondary research allows access to reliable information and theories that are related to branding. Stewart and Karmins (1993, p. 3) argues that secondary research differs from primary research so that secondary research is based on reliable as primary research based on the analysis of the author information. The data required for completion of the aim and objectives is readily available from various secondary research resources. Primary research could have helped to provide the researcher with a first hand insight into the industry but the lack of accessibility to the key stakeholders and also time constraints to the research made primary research not feasible. 2. 3 Scope of research The luxury market is a vast market. It includes many products such as clothing, jewellery and cars; And also many services such as travel and hotels. As the luxury market is the researcher will focus on a particular sector of the luxury product industry for the purposes of a targeted and viable research. This will help the researcher to look at factors affecting the specific area of luxury in detail. As BainCo (2010) suggest Fashion is now the luxury sector expanding. The current craze for the fashion industry propels the luxury clothing first. The researcher is studying the field of luxury clothing. For the purposes of this research brands such as Louis Vuitton, Hermes, Dior and Chanel will be quoted at example to understand the current luxury market status. III- Literature Review A review of the literature is very important for any research and is an essential part of it (Webster and Watson, 2002). With the support of a literature review, the knowledge that is already prevalent on the topic in question may be determined (Hart, 1999). An incomplete comprehension the current literature might lead to misunderstandings on the subject. Hart (1999) defines a literature review that the widespread use of literature to support an approach to a topic the establishment of a methodology which can be used and the importance of new functionality that could potentially be supported by further research. It is also said to quality means the width and the appropriate depth, rigor and consistency, clarity and conciseness, analysis and efficient synthesis (Hart, 1999, p. 1). Webster and Watson (2002) define an effective review of the literature to be based on in-depth knowledge, and give us an understanding of where more research is needed. Cottrell (2005, p. 127) explains that when looking for evidence to support an argument that has been spoken on the subject in the literature should be considered, where relevant information can be found and understanding of the leading authorities on the subject. From the definitions, it is clear that it can be derived from a review of the literature effective (Levy and Ellis, 2006) 3. 1 What is luxury? 3. 1. 1 Definition Luxury brands looking to be desired and known by all, but consumed only by the happy few to keep their prestige explains Kapeferer (2002) This summarizes the overall strategy of luxury brands, however, some inconsistencies persist in the clear explanation of the definition of luxury. Gutzats (1996) expresses luxury with exhaustive definition Luxury two levels of representation. The first level is important. It includes product and brand (its history, its unique expertise and talent) second level is psychological, it is performance that our social environment and our brands influence us. Luxury is a product with multiple objective characteristics that make it unique and rare, but also subjective characteristics with experience because of the importance that has consumers during the purchase process. The rarity factor of a product is essential to the concept of luxury. Explained by Dubois (2001), the prestige of a luxury brand can lose value if too many people own it. The distribution of a luxury product is very important; it must be selective to maintain the scarcity of the product. However, according to Kapferer (2002), the luxury market is in perpetual change. Several factors explain why the brand luxuries change their relationship with the principle of scarcity and become more accessible to a wider audience. Diversification of luxury brands with the creation of range of accessories and cosmetic product for the consumer access to the general public. Partnerships with general public brands, the Masstige contraction of Mass and prestige, or prestige for the masses. Is concept allows enlargement of the luxury market. (Kapferer, 2009) 3. 1. 2 Relativity The vision of what is necessary and desirable is relative. It depends on the perspective and perception of the consumer. Depending on the consumer perception of luxury is not universal. Buttner and al (2006) argues that relativity of luxury is divided into several categories. The economic relativity, cultural, regional, temporal and situational. 1. 3. 1. 2. 1 Economic relativity Kisabaka (2001) suggests economic relativity is expressed by the difference in perception of luxury depending on the economic situation of the consumer. For example, a pair of jeans ? 70 will be considered by a category of consumer as usual while for another it could be a luxury item. From a perspective of another consumer group a pair of jeans worth ? 2000 might not be considered a luxury product. The perception of price and its relativity to luxury can be argued to be relative to the consumer. 2. 3. 1. 2. 2 Cultural relativity Kemp (1998) suggests cultural relativity can be expressed as a function of the consumer culture. Whatever the consumer culture, luxury is a product, which is not trivial and necessary in everyday life. Kemp (1998) But cultural relativity has no reference to the availability of the product but the product vision based on the culture. A product can be considered luxury or not, based on the culture. Kisabaka, (2001) argues in some cultures a product can be ordinary and undesirable while for another it will be indispensable to belong to the culture of his country. For example, alcohol can be seen as a luxury product in European countries, while in Islamic countries there will be a product that very few people consume. (Berthon and al. , 2009) However, Mortelmans (2005, p. 497) argues: Every social group can be said to have its own luxury Reith Meyer (2003) suggests every culture has its symbols and social distinctions. The consumer of the same culture can be part of different socio-professional category. For example, the hip-hop culture embraces gold teeth and considers it a luxury while it might not be desirable for a different cultural group. Kemp (1998) also argues cultural values express different preferences of luxury; they differ depending on age, sex, and education. It is important to differentiate the perception of luxury based on knowledge of the symbols of luxury. But also different perceptions in different cultural groups. 3. 3. 1. 2. 3 Regional relativity Reith Meyer (2003) express regional relativity in terms of availability of the product. A product mass distribution in a country will not have the luxury status. However, a product, which is rare in a country, takes of value because of its rarity and exclusive distribution. For example, a sunny day at the beach can be considered as a luxury for the countries of Europe. But in the Caribbean this represents the daily weather. 4. 3. 1. 2. 4 The Temporal relativity. Matsuyama (2002) defines temporal relativity by changes in perceptions of luxury over the years. The reasons for these changes in perceptions are societal trends and the development of technology. (Schiereck Koenigs, 2006) Technological advances for consumer products can change their perspective of luxury For example, Reith Meyer (2003) the television was created in the 1930s when it was considered a luxury, since the progression of technology televisions are present widely in his homes which has led to a change in the perception of luxury. This product has become common in homes is no longer a luxury product. However Koschel (2005) argues that the process can be expressed in the opposite direction. Natural resources such as clean air, water became scarce in some countries. Kapferer (2008) suggests temporal relativity is a specific factor of luxury because it is not stable and steady and could change readily. (Jackel Kochhan, 2000) Luxury is not universal and adapts as a function of some factor. It is important for companies to understand these factors and adapt ait’s marketing to influence different groups to sell its products. 3. 2 Luxury customer Gilles Lipovetsky (2009), philosopher suggests: Do not have faith in a future that is mechanically better and fairer, there are still people in the hope of a better life, the feast of the senses, the beauty to expect that we leave the monotony of everyday life. Luxury is no longer the accursed share, but dreams, excellence and superlative, this human need. It can be inferred from the above statement that luxury for a consumer is an achievement of itself. A luxury consumer wants to show his wealth and property, luxury goods are a reflection of the wealth. The motivation of pleasure today became the first luxury purchase motivation to its traditional buyers. (Gilles Lipovetsky, 2009) According to Okonkwo (2007) a purchaser of luxury products cannot be considered as a mere client of luxury, but as an individual part of a network of the brand. It is by sharing with him the ritual and the traditions of the bard, which they have purchased, by teaching the consumer these details about the brand itself the sense of community and attachment towards a brand is built. It can be inferred that unlike mass-market brands, the luxury brand should tell a story and to give the customer want to be a part. Gilles Lipovetsky (2009) explains luxury Consumption Consuming is both a product, a legend / myth, tradition, knowledge and ritual use. 3. 2. 1 Customer behaviour Kapferer (2004) suggests that there are several categorize consumers of luxury brands into different groups. Lombard (1989) argues that customers can be differentiated on the basis of their purchasing power. A customer with the financial resources has the capacity to buy products from all the different categories of luxury products (see section 3. 4. 3). These elite customers not only form the key user base of the product but also are a great advertisement for the luxury status of the product. Customers of the elite are the generators of the turnover of luxury brands. They are loyal and hold the financial resources to consume luxury goods when it desires. This type of customer only buys clothes from luxury brands. Occasional customers have the financial resources necessary to consume luxury products but are not addicted. They consume luxury when the mood or the occasion arises. They are not faithful because they can change the luxury brand in the trend. (Bainco, 2008) The low-income customers who consume when their financial situation allows them. This type of customer consumes the occasional high-priced products for exceptional period (Christmas, birthday). However this type of client is the target of entry-level luxury products. Low-income customers consume perfumes and cosmetics in large quantities. This allows them to detain a part of the brand without spending an extravagant amount. According to Berry (1994), three levels of luxury can be presented: the unattainable luxury reserved for extremely rich people, luxury means restricted to middle class high and affordable luxury reserved for the middle class. Each level corresponds to a totally different type of marketing because the target is not the same, the brand must adapt depending on the area they choose. Consumer’s behaviour while buying luxury products can be affected by three different effects. (Leibenstein, 1950) 5. 3. 2. 1. 1 The Veblen Effect One can distinguish consumption to be under the Veblen effect, conspicuous consumption. Leibenstein, (1950) suggests the consumer buys the luxury product due to its high price. The work of Bourne (1957) explains the influence of peer groups on consumers in their purchases of luxury goods. Vigneron and Johnson (1999) also argue that a positive relationship is observed between conspicuous consumption and peer groups. In addition, Bearden and Etzel (1982) also explain that to buy the product in public is a sign of Veblen because the customer wants to be seen buying a valuable product. The consumer wants to show their wealth, status and power (Veblen, 1899). The price of the products is considered important in the minds of consumers, it represents the quality. (Vigneron and Johnson, 1999) Erickson and Johansson (1995) conducted a study showing that the price can judge the quality of a luxury item. It is also agued the customer who consumes with effect Veblen is attentive to the quality of the product. 6. 3. 2. 1. 2 The effect of Snob According to Leibenstein (1950), the effect of snob is a complex concept. A consumer with the snob effect takes into account the emotional and personal desires which Influences the behaviour of others is also a factor that pushes the purchase of products of luxury brands. For example, the launch of a new product, create exclusivity, snob effect causes the immediate purchase. Few clients have this product at the launch, the customer will feel different and above other consumer, it is preferred. A luxury item in limited sale has a great value while a readily available product will be less demand and will not have a high value; unusual item brings respect and prestige. (Solomon, 1994) However, after some time, the general public and the mass consumers consume the product, the snob consumers reject the product. The unique product, popular and expensive does not stay long. Demand is growing rapidly and the product loses value. (Verhallen and Robben, 1994) 7. 3. 2. 1. 3 The Bandwagon Effect Bandwagon effect is a different concept of the two previous. In this effect, the product is consumed by the mass market, its demand in the market is important. Consumers are buying this type of product in order to have a luxury product and belong to a group. The luxury product is the similarity between the members of the group. (Leibenstein, 1950) For example, a consumer group buying the same mass-produced luxury feel they belong to the same social class. The product is generally in the current trend and at affordable price. Berry (1994) argues Bandwagon consumers buy the product to look like other consumer and access a different social class a different group. 3. 2. 2 Price McKinsey (1990) suggests that the price is the first characteristic, withheld to qualify luxury goods. It is evaluated as the criterion most objectives and most quantifiable to measure the quality of luxury. . Dubois and Duquesne (1993) also suggest that luxury product must be at a high price to be credible; it is an essential criterion for the qualification of the same as a luxury. Kapferer (2001) argues although the price is a very important criterion for the luxury product it is not the whole product. It can be found on the market for very expensive products that are not necessarily luxury items due to lack of quality and luxury marketing. The brand positioning reflects its class. In addition, Kapferer and Bastien (2009) also argue that the consumer looking for a luxury product is ready to pay the price but he also wants. Indeed, the consumer wants to own an expensive product because it provides the purchaser with recognition, which is valuable. The researched can infer that price is price is an important guideline of a luxury product. In addition, Danielle ALLERES (1997) states: The fair price for a luxury product based on a perfect correlation between the level in the world of luxury, rarity and its brand reputation. According to Julian Levy and Jacques Lendrevie (2009) a policy of skimming or price skimming is a pricing policy, which consists of a high price (often partially disconnected from the cost) that customers can choose, the price can directly target customers. It also maintains the image of luxury brand and reputation. (Julian Levy and Jacques Lendrevie, 2009) also argue that luxury product cannot be sold at a discount price. It may lose its value and caused the damage to the brand. 3. 2. 3 Exclusivity Kisabaka (2001) suggests scarcity of a product is also an important part of making it luxury. A luxury consumer wants exclusivity and differentiation. For example, a customer who purchases a product from a luxury brand would expect it to be exclusive and would not like it for it to be a mass-market product. (Catry, 2003) also points out luxury brand must ensure the rarity of its products by limiting the production and individualization of products. 3. 4 Luxury brand A brand can be expressed as the identity of the company and the consumers it targets. The brand must represent a clear image in the minds of target consumers. (Esch, 2011) The luxury brand is associated with its flagship products and basic products on the basis of which consumers assimilate the product image. (Kapferer, 2008) For example, the little black jacket from Chanel is the flagship product for years and is constantly equated with the image of Chanel. (http://thelittleblackjacket. chanel. com) Meffert and Lasslop (2003) suggest that different definitions of luxury represent the association of product characteristics and brand. A luxury brand is associated with an image that is ubiquitous in the consumers mind, which is itself associated with a luxury product: high price, perfect quality esthetical, the scarcity of the product and the product exceptional characters. 3. 4. 1 Relationship Product/Brand A luxury brand must not only offer luxury products but also offer ranges of products more accessible products to maintain the brand status. The goal would be to reach a wider target customer. (Kapferer and Bastien, 2009) For example, luxury brands such as Chanel and Dior, offer ranges available such as key rings or jewellery phone products. This allows consumers to enter and feel to be a part of brand, with an affordable price. In addition, brands offer masstiges products; this concept is the combination of a luxury brand with a current and accessible brand to the public. For example, H M has many partnerships with luxury brands and top designer. (Kapferer, 2008) Collections are distributed in H M stores at affordable prices to the general public. This marketing tactic provides high visibility for luxury brands to the mass market. In contrast, non-luxury brands try to portray themselves to be offering a range of products, which include a touch of luxury for another customer segment. For example, as Lufthansa airlines offer flights with luxury service at an additional cost such as offering extra-large seats, bigger entertainment systems and meals cooked to order. This demonstrates the relationship between a product and brand is important. It can also be inferred that a luxury brands have to offer luxury products to maintain its brand image. Furthermore the quality and status of a product will only remain one that of a luxurious item if the brand is rated as a luxury brand. 3. 4. 2 Type of luxury brand Luxury brands can be categorised using various different factors, which affect a brand. 8. 3. 4. 2. 1 Luxury brand level Esteve and Hieu-Dess (2005) argues level of brand can be differentiated on the basis of the levels of luxuries performed. It is therefore important to distinguish luxury brands based on a category. The entry-level: products of entry-level correspond to the product seen above in relation brand / product. Its products are part of the range luxury brand but with affordable prices. In its entry-level, there are the masstiges and the products of luxury brands at affordable prices. Example: Hugo Boss Fragrance Luxury product middle level: These products are part of the luxury range, but they are not maximum level. Its products are accessible while maintaining their entities luxury. Example: Marc Jacobs, Moschino. Luxury goods of high level: These products represented luxury in pure state. These ranges of products are of high quality and high price. Example: Hermes Produces luxury level of the elite: This product is the top of the ladder. This segment is the most luxury products. Its quality and marketing must be irreproachable, they represent the brand. To reference the type of product is Chanel, Dior. According to the relativity of luxury explained above, the established classification can be modified over time. A brand can go from middle level to level for elite customer. It may be noted its changes based on trends, seasons and different cultures. (Phan and al. ,2011) Conversely, certain brand may lose their luxury positioning if it does not fit depending on relativity. For example, Christian Lacroix, who lost his rank High Fashion due to improper adaptation of its marketing and its collections. (Bainco, 2009) 9. 3. 4. 2. 2 Luxury brand awareness The leading products and notorieties are very important in the management of the brand and in its differentiation. A luxury brand should differentiate itself from others with its marketing strategy and advertising. The knowledgeable consumer expects certain notoriety, it must be found in the marketing strategy. The luxury brand needs to focus its marketing and marketing in a niche. If a brand decides to sell luggage, clothing, jewellery and does not fit its marketing it will no longer be identified as specialize and thus not as a luxury brand. (Meffert and Lasslop 2003) Awareness of the brand in the minds of the public is essential. The flagship products create the brand awareness; even if its products are for purchase only certain category of customer it represents the brand. Previously the author explained the importance of quality and marketing for the range of customer connoisseur but this process is also important for the client who never will buy the product. Its customers will be interested in the brand and will position as a luxury brand (Kapferer, 2009) The primary objective of the luxury brand is to become known around the world to demonstrate its performance and quality. (Phan and al, 2011) In addition, for a customer of the elite luxury product group buys a flagship product is a sign of wealth, it is important that the product meets this demand (Kapferer Bastien, 2009). 3. 4. 3 Marketing technique If the marketing of mass consumption appeared after World War II during the post-war boom, the first luxury marketing techniques already existed in the seventeenth century. Berry (1994) The companies in the luxury sector can manage the time by recalling the history of their homes through codes. For example, Chanel, two legendary fragrance: N  ° 5 first perfume by Gabrielle Chanel launched in 1921 and still one of the best global industry sales is the lucky number of Coco, and No. 19 is reference to the date of birth of the Creator August 19, 1883, this history is an important part of the marketing strategy of the companies these days as they entice buyers by presenting a history and tradition of the product. Each of the luxury goods is modernized, redesigned while respecting the history of the house, called in luxury marketing an incremental leap technique. (Kapferer 2009) Thus, the customer discovers and buys without hesitation a new version of a mythical product that meets the codes of the house, allowing sales to continue to grow. The success of these products is only possible through the transfer of know-how of artisans and small hands working in the workshops. Embroiderers, milliners, dressmakers, all these businesses demonstrate a thorough knowledge and quality that are transmitted in time while upgrading. This concept allows the luxury home to restart their old products maintaining the brand image. A new advertising campaign is designed and the product is restarted. During a period of crisis, this concept is used by numerous brands. (Meffert Lasslop 2003) Luxury brands must carefully control its distribution channels. (Esch 2011) the industry knows how to stage each of its products in places specific distribution channels for each target group. Thus, it is imposs.

Training Key Areas Essay Example for Free

Training Key Areas Essay Introduction Employees bring talent, happiness, productivity measures an organization overall prosperity. Corporate responsibility has become an important value in large organizations. At State Farm Insurance, they requires high levels of employee contribution, promoting, diversity to provide to the community. Working towards positive culture will build the employee value and moral over time. Todays society requires businesses to account for its value on various levels, organizational achievements, community success, and personal growth of employees within State Farm. This paper will analyze key trainings that focus on legal requirements, diversity, and employee growth with larger organizations. Legal Requirements The different situations that can result in legal actions include failure to meet all training requirements, injuries sustained during a training session. It is vital that each organization uses the correct copyright material within orientation and that they obtain permission. If permission is not asked for or obtained, the organization is punished by law. State Farm Automobile Insurance Company is looking for ways to structure the workforce so as to minimize the expense of benefits. , State Farm Automobile Insurance Company may require overtime rather than hiring new employees. State Farm utilizes independent contractors rather than hiring employees. Some of their choices are limited by legal requirements. Fair Labor Standards Act requires employees to be paid for their overtime if the employee is nonexempt (Cretella, P, 2013). The Internal Revenue Service limits the definition of independent contractors so employees know the difference as a temporary and permanent employee. Diversity Great diversity training within State Farm’s organization provides employees with the proper tools needed to attract new employees and maintain a diversity workplace. The development of diversity training is more than race, gender, culture and ethics. These training programs are offered to each employee and increases the abilities of growth and reduces complaints and lawsuits filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). When a complaint is filed with the EEOC that can be for any violation against the Civil Rights Act Noe,R.A. 2008). The Civil Rights Act title VII prohibits employment discrimination based on color, national origin, sex, or race (Risser, Rita, 2008). Women, minorities, senior citizens, and disabled workers are treated equally in training session. Diversity recognizes and respects people’s differences and realizes the full potential of promoting different cultures to all employees, staff, students, and consumers. The requirements for organizational training is ensuring all employees are present and none of the materials presented are offensive. Organizations that do not report expenses or reimbursement as income may harm the organization and damage their reputation. Cultural sensitivity has become increasingly important providing a healthy and productive work environment. Although diversity training can’t change individual’s beliefs, it has the ability to increase awareness, impart knowledge and educate employees further as to how to accept differences among fellow employees. Diversity initiatives enacted by State Farm Insurance Companies help to optimize the money spent on employee salaries, benefits, recruitment and training. In addition, observers characterize diversity training in different ways. Its proponents consider it morally correct because it respects diversity, recognizing the value and contributions of every human being. Employee Growth State Farm is committed to retaining talented associates and inviting their best contributions. State Farm expects associates to be accountable for their development, with development plans built in collaboration with and support from team leaders. State Farm employees have a bias toward internal  growth, supporting people who demonstrate a commitment to their own development with developmental plans. Managers begin to work closely with employees to mentor and provide them with any desired qualities that he or she may possess and be trained to further advance within the organization. The end result is more stress free environment and increase self-esteem and have fewer turn overs. State Farm does not end training with the new employees. State Farm feels that there are always opportunities to connect with their employees to the company’s business needs and goals. Providing the employees with a structured training and development program ensures State Farm that employees are receiving experience and background knowledge consistent with trends, current topics relevant to the organization and any other needed support. State Farm employees are continuously receiving training also ensures that all of us have the same exposure to the organizations initiatives. State Farm invests in employee, which makes the employee feel valued and connected with the organization, resulting in the employee being more effective, creative, and loyal to the organization. Results from legal requirements, diversity, and employee growth  Continuously evolution of organizations and employee laws has shaped the way organizations conduct themselves. Creating a work environment that is open to diversity, enables the organization and employees to experience and develop respect for one another. Diversity in the workplace is when the organization has a diverse work place for women and minorities and all guidelines are met. State Farm implements the guidelines of the Civil Rights Act to having an open door policy for all new hires, knowledge, and untapped skills which ensures a bright future for employees and the organization (Cretella, P 2013). Successful diversity of the workplace enable organizations to gain new talents and skills from an untapped resource. The push for employers to acknowledge women, minorities, and those with that are disabled as viable assets will only enhance the success of State Farm’s growth. Conclusion The road is open for all business and or organizations both large and small for diversity, employee growth, and legal requirements which assists with how the organization is conducted. At the end, State Farm has implemented its resources on diversity, employee growth, and legal requirements not only eliminate unnecessary lawsuits but ensures that State Farm Insurance is the organization is reviewed as the employer of choice. Reference http://trainingtoday.blr.com/free-training-webinars- Cretella, Peggy, 2013 http://www.fairmeasures.com/ask/enews/articles/new330.asp- Rita Risser, 2008

The Dasani Scandal The Facts

The Dasani Scandal The Facts For many years, The Coca Cola Company has been forced to diversify their products because the fizzy drinks market was saturated and people were looking for healthier drink. So, in March 2004 Coca Cola decided to launch its bottled water Dasani in UK. And Coca-Cola wanted Dasani on everybodys lips last and it happened but for the wrong reasons. The origin of UK Dasani came to light when a complaint was made to the British Food Standards Agency over Cokes use of the word pure in its Dasani marketing. After some analysis, it seems that the Dasani water is only tap water from the mains supply in Sidcup, Kent. In fact the water submits a lot of treatments into a special plant. The raw product is first passed through three filters intended to extract particles, organic debris and chlorine before a final stage known as reverse osmosis a technique invented and perfected by Nasa. The result is a almost totally pure water. After having gone to the trouble of taking everything out, put three other things back into it calcium, magnesium and sodium bicarbonate. Apparently, Dasani tastes nicer that way, while still being as pure as bottled water gets. Research shows that the UK bottled-water market is all about the natural purity of the source. Yet Coke not only decided to sell purified tap water but to make a virtue of it. It stressed its NASA-style purification process could transform tap water into something more wholesome than natural spring water. Commercialized in United Kingdom the February 1st of 2004, the Dasani bottle water cost is only tap water sold 1, 42 euro for half a litter although the water supplier Thames Water sold it at 0,008 euro per litter that is to say 3000 times more expensive. In spite of Cokes claims that its NASA-approved reverse osmosis multi-barrier filtration system created water so pure it was better than the real thing, consumers thought they were getting little more than Brita filtered water at 95p a bottle. When illegal levels of cancer-causing Bromate chemicals were discovered, Coke had no choice but to recall 500,000 bottles and abandon the drinks launch in UK. Coke dumped its new bottled water following a cancer scare and an unprecedented consumer revolt. Consequences The entire UK supply of Dasani was pulled off the shelves because it has been contaminated with bromate, a cancer-causing chemical. Any increased cancer risk is likely to be small. However the levels are higher than legally permitted in the UK and present an unnecessary risk. Some consumers may chose not to drink any Dasani they purchased prior to its withdrawal given the levels of bromate in it.Therefore, Coca-Cola withdrew all the Dasani bottles in order to ensure that only products of the highest quality are provided to their consumers .The latter could get a refund if they wanted to. To sum up we can say that the brand lost part of its equity because now consumers wont trust coca cola. Coca Cola officials said that consumers needed to be educated and informed about the products. But here, it is a crucial point that Coke missed: transparency of information and truth. The fact that consumers do not trust Coca-cola anymore is likely to damage Cokes ability to relaunch Dasani in the U.K. as Nestlà © and other players will likely take this opportunity to remind consumers that they are selling spring water vs. the purified tap water Coke is selling. Of course, Coca cola is a big player in the field of the beverage industry, somehow, on the face of a fierce competition, it may lose ground and market shares with this scandal. This event could also damage the image of coca-cola in the UK and in the world Another consequence could be on the long run, the lack of confidence from consumers from developing countries. In fact, we know that Coke is very present in developing countries, and even if part of those consumers are not aware nor educated to be informed about the content of the products, the role of the media or humanitarian associations could make them quite reluctant to buy Coca Colas products. The Dasani scandal has left Coke nursing a  £25 million loss from canceled production contracts and advertising deals. The damage to the firms reputation is 20 times that figure, analysts say. The launch was an extraordinary gaffe for a company which has marketed its way to become the worlds most valuable brand, worth $70 billion, and which has often joked that one day every kitchen will have three taps: cold water, hot water and Coke. France TELECOM France Telecom S.A. is the main telecommunications company in France, the third-largest in Europe and one of the largest in the world. It currently employs about 180,000 people (half outside of France) and has 192.7 million customers worldwide (2010). In 2008 the group had revenue of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬53.5 billion. and the current CEO is Stà ©phane Richard. The privatization step In September 2004, France Telecom became a private company. 115 years after its nationalization, the phone became again private in France. The French State sold a part of its shares so that it would not be the majority shareholder any more. On the 27th of July 2005, France Telecom announced the takeover of 80% of the mobile phone operator Amena which has 24% of market shares in Spain for 6.4 billion euro of which 3 billion correspond to a capital increase. France Telecom also informed of the NeXT scheme deployment that aimed at providing to its customers the set of telecommunications services that they need in an integrated way. Since the 1st of June 2006, France Tà ©là ©com tries to commercialize worldwide all its products under a single brand Orange. The France Tà ©là ©com logo called ampersand has a more rounded shape and the graphic guidelines have been modified. In June 2007, the French State sold again 5% of its France Tà ©là ©com shares; therefore, the public contribution (French State and ERAP) represents 27%. At the same time, France Tà ©là ©com resold Orange Netherlands and bought out the Spanish Internet service provider, Ya and the Austrian mobile phone operator, One. In March 2008, the media claimed that France Tà ©là ©com wanted to take over on the Scandinavian company TeliaSonera. This new firm would become the first European operator, however, this operation failed. On the 21st of September 2010, France Tà ©là ©com contributed up to 40% to the capital of Meditelecom (Mà ©ditel brand), the 2nd mobile phone operator in Morocco. When the operation was set up, Meditelecom had 10 mill ion customers. The agreement plans France Telecom to rise up to 49% of the capital by 2015. New management methods The NeXT scheme (2006-2008) is the recovery plan for France Telecom which aims at among other things, reducing costs and especially wage costs, carrying on a converging policy for its products and services, and grouping together all the brands under a unique one Orange except for the activities dealing with fixed line telephone which will stay under the designation France Telecom. Consequently, this led to the disappearing of numerous brands as Wanadoo and thousands of people were fired (the estimated percentage was 10%). The NeXT scheme introduced an aggressive management style. In 2004, 4000 employees were trained during 10 days to achieve in the field the new scheme. The top priority is to reduce workforce, thus new management techniques are implemented, and they aimed at damaging working conditions to force one part of the employees to leave willingly because they can not cope more psychological strain. By enhancing this phenomenon, France Telecom was diminishing the amount of re dundancy payments. The scandal After the transition period, between the beginning of January 2008 and the end of January 2010, thirty-four France Telecom employees committed suicide, some leaving notes blaming stress and misery at work. In October 2009, the wave of suicides led former Deputy CEO Louis-Pierre Wenes to resign under trade union pressure, to be replaced by Stephane Richard.Faced with repeated suicides, the company promoted Stephane Richard to chief executive officer on 1 February 2010, while Didier Lombard will remain as chairman. The official said 23 FT employees had now killed themselves this year, compared with 19 in 2009. The rate this year is slightly ahead of the French average of 17 suicides per 100,000 people in 2006, according to World Health Organization figures. France Telecom has 181,000 employees, with 100,000 in France. Union officials attribute the suicide surge to stress And apparently FT was aware by trade unions of the big tensions and pressure among the employees but decided to do nothing. Consequences In France and in Europe Orange is still the first operator but its image is strongly damaged because of the series of suicide. The France opinion was particularly shocked of the working conditions in this company which lead so many people to suicide. A commission decided to set up an investigation on FT to enlighten responsibilities in theses deaths. Benetton advertising by Toscani Every one knows the famous Italian fashion brand Benetton. And all those over twenty years old know these advertising campaigns born from the collaboration between the Group Benetton and the photograph Oliviero Toscani, in which topics, images, confrontations and situations were provocative. If you dont know what we are talking about, lets just have a look to some of those ad It is obvious that those ads play it both ways : commercial advertising, and charity campaign. According to Oliviero Toscani, todays businesses must have a social and political responsibility, they should not spend their profits ahead of basic human principles. Ultimately the famous photographer underlines precisely the fact that in our occidental societies, we never questioned values such as democracy and capitalism, as if they were obvious. Therefore, what is the Benetton advertisements bring? For the photographer side, they allow people asking themselves what is advertising, and think in a critical way about capitalism and the society. Because for him, nowadays companies shouldnt give priority only to economic interests, they should be more engaged than that. So thats what he did for those advertisements for Benetton. And for the Group, those advertisements bring a lot of talk, debate, word of mouth, positive (because it shows that the brand is engaged for equality of people, for stopping legal murder and death sentences, think outside the box) or not (because the way used to pass the message, the images used were shocking, and clearly unethical), but it makes people talking about the brand, and that is what is important for a brand, that people know its name, talk about it all over the world. And despite numerous boycott offs, the group still posted a profit in 2000 up 10% over the year before. But nothing last forever, and this adventure of trying an activist approach of advertising ended in 2000. Volvic and its drinking water in Niger operation When we talk about marketing ethics, it is necessary to distinguish ethical and legal aspects of the framework. An unethical decision or action lead by a company is not necessarily illegal and vice versa. So one effective way to integrate ethical marketing in a positive way is to be actively engaged for a social cause. A really good example of such a social and ethical engagement is the operation 1L = 10L lead by Volvic, a French brand of drinking water, in 2006. The promise was simple : every time a consumer bought one liter of Volvic water, Volvic pledged to fund construction of wells in Niger, so that ten liters of drinking water can be drawn. The results of this operation have been spectacular. Volvic has seen a great increase in its sales, and has financed the construction and the maintenance of 16 wells for 10 years. All this provided through a partnership between the brand and the Unicef organization. Thus marketing ethics has allowed to simultaneously satisfy several requirements : the villagers in Niger who benefited from drinking water infrastructure the consumer who felt happy to have contributed to this, in their small extent, but preferring this proposal instead of a reduced price in a competitor for example Volvic which saw its sales rise and its image permanently associated to a high value, and a great story. And we can go further in the positives consequences of this type of marketing action : the Unicef organization enjoyed a high visibility without incurring the sometimes controversial direct marketing expenditures employees of Volvic have been naturally associated to the action and adhered more easily to a social and thus more motivating project than just a simply growth objective the shareholders also enjoyed this operation through the financial efficiency of the device

Against Legalization Of Marijuana Essay -- marijuana should not be lega

There currently exists a great debate concerning Legalization of marijuana. Many people are against the idea, but there are a number of people who fight for the idea to legalize Marijuana. The people that try to Legalize Marijuana use two major arguments in their effort to have marijuana legalized. First, which is by far the biggest argument is that marijuana has a significant medical use. The second is that marijuana does not cause harm to those that smoke it. Both of these arguments can be easily discounted by the numerous studies that have been done on the effects of marijuana both medicinal and recreational. Many well-intentioned leaders and members of the public have been misled by the well financed and organized pro-drug legalization lobby into believing there is merit to their argument that smoking marijuana is a safe and effective medicine. A review of the scientific research, expert medical testimony, and government agency findings shows this to be erroneous. There is no ju stification for using marijuana as a medicine. The movement to legitimise smoking marijuana as a medicine is not encouraged by doctors and scientists. The studies cited by the marijuana advocates have been found to be unscientific, poorly researched, and involved pharmaceutical THC, not marijuana. An advocate that claimed he was an expert, was in fact a wellness counsellor at a health spa who admitted under oath to using every illegal mind-altering drug he ever studied. Another expert admitted h...

The Bluest Eye :: essays research papers

	Misdirection of Anger "Anger is better [than shame]. There is a sense of being in anger. A reality of presence. An awareness of worth."(50) This is how many of the blacks in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye felt. They faked love when they felt powerless to hate, and destroyed what love they did have with anger. The Bluest Eye shows the way that the blacks were compelled to place their anger on their own families and on their own blackness instead of on the white people who were the cause of their misery. In this manner, they kept their anger circulating among themselves, in effect oppressing themselves, at the same time they were being oppressed by the white people. Pecola Breedlove was a young black girl, growing up in Lorain, Ohio in the early 1940's. Her life was one of the most difficult in the novel, for she was almost totally alone. She suffered the most because she had to withstand having others' anger dumped on her, internalized this hate, and was unable to get angry herself. Over the course of the novel, this anger destroys her from the inside. When Geraldine yells at her to get out of her house, Pecola's eyes were fixed on the "pretty" lady and her "pretty" house. Pecola does not stand up to Maureen Peal when she made fun of her for seeing her dad naked but instead lets Freida and Claudia fight for her. Instead of getting mad at Mr. Yacobowski for looking down on her, she directed her anger toward the dandelions that she once thought were beautiful. The dandelions also represent her view of her blackness, once she may have thought that she was beautiful, but like the dandelions, she now follows the majorities' view. However, "the anger will not hold"(50), and the feelings soon gave way to shame. Pecola was the sad product of having others' anger placed on her: "All of our waste we dumped on her and she absorbed. And all of our beauty, which was hers first and which she gave to us"(205). The other black people felt beautiful next to her ugliness, wholesome next to her uncleanness, her poverty made them generous, her weakness made them strong, and her pain made them happier. In effect, they were oppressing her the same way the whites were oppressing them. When Pecola's father, Cholly Breedlove, was caught as a teenager in a field with Darlene by two white men, "never did he once consider directing his hatred toward the hunters"(150), rather her directed his hatred towards the girl because hating the white men would "consume" him.

Computers, calculators, and tablets Essay

Conditional Statement: If students are allowed to use technology such as computers, calculators, and tablets, they will be able to develop a deeper understanding of the math concepts presented within their course. Inverse Statement: If students are not allowed to use technology such as computers, calculators, and tablets, then they would not be able to develop a deeper understanding of the math concepts presented within their course. Converse Statement: Students will be able to develop a deeper understanding of the math concepts presented within their course, if they are allowed to use technology such as computers, calculators, and tablets. Contrapositive Statement: Students will not be able to develop a deeper understanding of the math concepts presented within their course, if they are not allowed to use technology such as computers, calculators, and tablets. Mobile phones, tablets and computers in classrooms? Sounds silly, but more students will be able to develop a mathematical concepts presented in their courses and have a deeper understanding if they are allowed to use the technology. These electronic tools have become such an important part of our society. Today’s technology can improve education, engage more students, and help us prepare them for the future. Technology can help students develop through exploration and research to better learning skills. Students who collect information from the Internet tend to be more independent and do not need to rely on the teacher as much. Students can also create their own understanding of a subject, so it is easy for teachers to understand the students’ knowledge. Technology allows students to focus on one thing instead of multiple books and papers. With more and more visual presentations and lectures there will be more flexibility for students to participate. In order for students to be able to give their 100% the lessons’ presentations should be with the latest technology so they can really understand it. By using technology in the classroom students will discover the crucial thinking and workplace skills they will need in order to be successful in the future. In the workplace, the computers are being  used every day so letting them work on them now will help them prepare for the future. Of course, there will always be some technical negative aspects for use in the classroom, such as non-school-related activities, and misuse of the Internet. However, in most cases, pros largely overthrow the cons. Most of the negative aspects are only minor problems that can be fixed with some guidance. Researched Websites: http://ww.shelbyed.k12.al.us/schools/rns/faculty/wrodgers/technology%20int/students.html Http://nms.org/Blog/Tabld/58/Postld/188/technology-in-the-classroom-the-benefits-of-blended-learning.aspx Part 3: If you were a geometry teacher, would you allow students’ access to electronics devices during class? What types of electronic devices would you let them use or not use? What evidence can you use to support your claim if a parent questions your decision as the teacher? Would your students be allowed to use their electronic devices during tests? What would you do for students that do not have their own electronic devices? If I were a geometry teacher I would definitely allow my students access to electronic devices, provided they are on my terms. I think I could help my students with their homework and help me as a teacher to present lessons. They would be allowed to use their phones, computers, calculators, etc. These electronic devices are used only for school-related purposes. Evidence that I would use if a parent questioned my decisions as a teacher would be increased knowledge and creativity of my students have gained since I allowed technology. My students are only allowed to use a calculator during tests other electronic device used would be considered cheating. If a student of mine did not have an electronic device on your own I would do everything possible to provide one for them, because I believe that all students should have the opportunity to use one.

Pob Marketing Sba Essay

This study seeks to investigate the marketing strategy of Kenlee’s & Company Cereal Limited (KCCL). This successful cereal producer prides itself on having a quality product and a policy of putting customer satisfaction first. The importance of the marketing mix, market research, competitors, substitutes and customer satisfaction all impact on the strategy adopted by KCCL. The impact of branding and the various choices available to the marketing department will be discussed and the Ethical responsibility KCCL owes to its customers will be highlighted. Description of the Business Kenlee Cereal & Company Limited (KCCL) was founded in 1987 as a privately owned family business. The company is involved in the production and marketing of cereals. In1997 it took on a partner to provide more capital. It is also a limited liability business. This medium sized company employs 50 persons. It is financed by loans, personal savings and investments through its partnership with its local business partner Erica’s Country Styled Honey Roasted Peanuts. KCCL is located off the Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway close to the Presal fly-over. It plans to become the leading exporter of cereals in the Caribbean and thereafter the international market. Organization of the Marketing Department Organization of the Marketing Department Marketing Manager: – The Marketing Manager is responsible for the cereal marketing and also the profit and loss of his department. Advertising Manager:- The Advertising Manager oversees the whole process of advertising for KCCL. The process begins from market research and finally leading to the actual sales. Advertising at KCCL is based on the image the company seeks to portray. In this case, the company is concerned about producing a cheap, quality, nutritious and tasty product. Sales Manager:- Sales Managers are responsible for sales. Their role involves organizing, motivating and leading sales teams. They are responsible for the combined performance of the team. At KCCL, Sales Managers are responsible for: †¢Recruiting and training sales staff †¢Supervising, motivating and monitoring team performance †¢Allocating areas to sales executives †¢Setting budgets/targets †¢Liaising with customers which includes actual selling (Wholesalers, Retailers) †¢Keeping abreast of what competitors are doing Market Research Customers differ on many dimensions- taste, needs, and expectations. Managers therefore need to ensure that their product satisfies these tastes. Market research is therefore very important to reveal customer needs. Before this can be done the potential customers had to be identified. This is done by either: †¢Targeting the whole population †¢Segmentation (geographical, behavioral or demographics) †¢Niche marketing KCCL has chosen to target the whole population. At the company’s recent launch of its new product. KCCL chose to segment themarket using demographics to identify its customers. Characteristics such as age,income, occupation or education can be used to divide the population. In theintroduction of its new Granola Bar, age was used to identify the target population.The age groups were: †¢3-14years †¢15-35years †¢36 and older The marketing manager identified the needs of these groups with respect to their nutritional needs. The (3-14years) group indicated that these persons  needed proper nutrition in order to promote healthy growth and development. The (15-35 years), included students and persons â€Å"on the go†.The (36years and over), were persons who did not need to eat as much. This group’s mainconcern was focused on the maintenance of their health. The study of these segments identified a market for a nutritious meal-Kenlee’s Crunchy Bar was the result. Price Price is an important aspect of the marketing mix which must be considered. The price a product is sold at is dependent on the following:- †¢The pricing objective the firm sets for itself †¢The demand for the product †¢Cost incurred in production, marketing and distribution The product characteristics Pricing is very competitive as there are four other similar companies with whom KCCL has to compete with. KCCl’s prices are based on cost plus mark up. KCCL has chosen a Market leadership objective. The aim is to increase their share of the market. Competitors The market is very competitive. There are four major companies that sell the same products. See pie chart which shows the percentage of the market held by these cerealmanufacturers. Substitutes Substitutes are a threat to any company. This occurs if there is in existence products thatcan replace it. There needs to be qualities that the product exhibits that identifies it fromothers, if possible. Sales Forecast The following table shows a sales forecast for KCCLs products. This was based onhistorical records of sales for the past five years. ProductUnits/Mth (000)Retail Price ($ per unit) Cereal1000$2.00 K Flakes200$2.50 Wheat Thins1500$15.25 Coco Flakes100$13.50 Branding and Packaging The Cereals produced are branded under the name KCCL and it is a well known brand.The product carries a distinctive red and white logo of the company. Branding is veryimportant because it allows consumers to identify the product of a particular manufacturer. Branding issues include: †¢Brand name selection †¢Brand name extension †¢Brand sponsor KCCL’s launch of its new product, Kenlee’s Crunchy Bar was under its present brandname. This name has been established in the minds of consumers as a quality cereal. Ithas therefore chosen a line extension strategy since its product has similar features to its present products. KCCL packages its products using attractive foil packaging. The packaging carries thecompany’s colors for immediate identification. The colors used for the logo are the colorsof the nation flag of Trinidad and Tobago.Information given on the packaging includes: †¢Nutritional information †¢Ingredient †¢Expiry date KCCL ’s Price Strategy Their strategy is to to have market-share leadership to ensure its continued survival andexistence. It has chosen to sell its products at the lowest possible price in order to capturea large share of the market. Place The method by which the product gets to the consumers is called channels of distribution.KCCL has a fleet of vehicles to transport its products. It also subcontracts delivery invery far geographical areas. Many small retailers buy directly from the centrally locatedoffice. Delivery is made twice weekly by boat to Tobago. Promotion Mix Kenlee Cereal & Company Limited (KCCL) advertises it products by the use of print,radio and television. In-store displays are sponcered by local businesses. The selling of KCCL’s products are carried out through, sales meetings, sales presentations and incentive programs. KCCL products are promoted by the use of coupons and product samples. It also promotes its products through contests. Government Regulations The Bureau of Standards sets the standards in Trinidad and Tobago in terms of qualityand workmanship of products. Some standards include: †¢Products must be labelled †¢All ingredients identified †¢The value added tax (VAT) must be included in labelling of the price †¢Information must also be written in English Technology KCCL uses high mechanization which reduces costs. All machinery used by KCCL isvery efficient and this increases productivity of the company. Record keeping iscomputerized. Consumer Complaints KCCL has two consumer complaint offices; one is located at its head quarters and the other in Tobago. KCCL addresses all complaints and has a three day response policy. Ethical Issues †¢Ingredients stated on the labeling and advertising of products is accurate and not misleading †¢Correct declaration of sales for taxation. †¢Proper disposal of waste †¢Money laundering to hide illegal business transactions KCCL has maintained its motto of having good legal and ethical business standards Conclusion Key to success of Kenlee’s & Company Cereal Limited are: 1.Quality products. 2.Good customer service. 3.Good distribution channel. 4.High ethical and business standards.

English vs. Mother tongue as a medium of instruction Essay

I. Introduction Background of the Study Before we discuss the so-called Gullas bill or the proposed act strengthening and enhancing the use of English as a medium of instruction, let’s get a backgrounder on the state of education in the Philippines. For every 100 children that start grade one in our country, only 65 will reach Grade 6, the others having dropped out along the way (with 18 of the dropouts occurring between Grade 1 and Grade 2). What this means is that even before these children are 12 years old, more than one third of them are essentially condemned to poverty. That is not all. The net enrollment ratios have been steadily decreasing between 2003 and 2007, and for the Philippines, that has gone down from 90.3% to 83.2%. The quality of that education is abysmal. Only 26% or a little over  ¼ of 6th graders have a mastery of English, where mastery is defined as obtaining a score of 75% or higher in English, 31% of those students have a mastery of Math and 15% have a mastery of Science. And if that is abysmal, that means the quality of high school education has to be the pits because only 7% of them have mastery in English. 16% have mastery in Math†¦ 2% have mastery in Science. Even college does not help: only 2 to 7% of college graduates who apply for positions in BPOs show English mastery, and even then, they have to undergo another three months of training to increase their competence. This is where the Gullas bill comes in. The rationale of that bill is that if we want to have greater competence in English, and be in a position to take advantage, or compete in a globalized world, English must be used as the medium of instruction from Grade 3 onwards. Now everyone will agree that we need greater competence in English to be competitive in a globalized world. But educators or those who have done education research will disagree that using English as the medium of instruction will accomplish that goal. As a matter of fact, they point out that research findings are unequivocal, that to achieve greater mastery in English or Filipino, the most effective medium of instruction is in the child’s mother tongue that is her first language or the language spoken at home. Studies in country after country bear this out. Teaching in an official school language that is not the mother tongue is a major barrier in the child’s learning. In the Philippines, the experiment was conducted in Kalinga, where teachers use Kalinga to teach children from Grades 1 to 3 to read and write. It is also the medium of instruction for teaching other subjects, including Filipino and English. Out of the 10 districts in the Kalinga division, the Lubuagan district topped the 2006 national achievement test Grade 3 reading test for both English and Filipino, with mean scores of 76.55% and 76.45 respectively, which indicates mastery. The Tinglayan district came in a far second, registered only 63.89% and 53.58%. The Gullas bill has very good intentions. But, as they say, the road to hell is paved with good intentions. Statement of the Problem 1. Between the two medium of instruction, which is effective? 2. Do you agree that English is effective as a medium of instruction? 3. Do you believe that English is a barrier in child’s learning? Significance of the Study Our study determines whether the English or the mother tongue is the effective medium of instruction, to determine the affectivity of English as medium of instruction and give justice to the belief of English as a barrier in child’s earning. Scope and Limitations This particular study focuses on the topic â€Å"English versus mother tongue as a medium of instruction. This study will also explore the issue of whether the English or mother tongue is an effective medium of instruction Operational Definition of Terms English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca. Gullas Bill is the proposed act strengthening and enhancing the use of English as a medium of instruction, let’s get a backgrounder on the state of education in the Philippines. Medium of Instruction is the language used by the teacher to teach. Teaching the language, or educational content, through the target language increases the amount of exposure the learner gets to it, and the opportunities they have to communicate in it, and therefore to develop their control of it. Mother tongue one’s native language; the language learned by children and passed from one generation to the next II. Methodology A. Sampling Who are your respondents? Students who are English majors Elementary students who already undergone mother tongue subjects

Monologue and Attitude Revealed through Browning’s ‘My Last Duchess’ Essay

The 16th century poem My Last Duchess by Robert Browning is a monologue of a Duke showing an audience the painting of his late wife. Browning, in this poem, as in many of his poems, uses monologue to reflect on the concepts and notions of his time.   This particular monologue reflects on the perception of women in the 16th century, and in particular, aristocratic women. In this particular monologue, like many of Browning’s monologues, we get not only a feeling for the Duke’s character, but also a feeling about the expectations of a particular class and a particular gender—basically, a women must be obedient to her husband, and any independence is frowned upon. Browning typically used monologue in many of his poems to use this affect—basically, he creates a character to reflect on his own feelings of society, but by using the character, he is able to somewhat mask, or hide behind, that character’s observations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this monologue, we see the Duke as a particularly jealous man. His suspicion would be easily aroused every time his wife thanked someone, especially if it was another man, for a small favor done to her. The Duke thinks that his â€Å"gift of a nine-hundred-years-old-name (line 33)† was the most valuable gift his wife received from her and thus, she should have not just given away her smile and blush for anyone but him. He saw this attitude as a kind of stooping down on her part and in turn, an insult on him and his position in society.   Ã‚  The monologue thus reveals a lot about the main character that is speaking, and in this poem, it is the Duke: The style and structure of this poem play a significant role in the effect of the poem.   As is typical of Browning’s poems, â€Å"My Last Duchess† is written as a dramatic monologue: one speaker relates the entire poem as if to another person present with him.   This format suits this poem particularly well because the speaker, taken to be the Duke of Ferrara, comes across as being very controlling, especially in conversation (My Last Duchess Analysis). When he got tired of these exchanges of smiles between his wife and other people, he â€Å"gave commands;/ Then all smiles stopped together (Browning, lines 45-46).† This ambiguous statement gives the reader a clue as to how the Duchess became an ex-wife. It is not specific, however, so that one can only guess as to what happened—maybe he had her killed or sent her away where she died. From these absurd, oftentimes ridiculous, and obviously arrogant words, the reader can conclude that the Duke was a controlling husband. Lines 50 onwards tell the reader that the Duke is looking for a new wife and the person whom he is showing the painting to, is the assistant or messenger of a Count whose daughter the Duke is eyeing as a prospective wife. The talk he would have later with the Count would be about the arrangement of his next marriage (My Last Duchess Discussion).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Duke represents the traditional male and his attitude towards his late wife mirrors the attitude and expectations of a patriarchal and Victorian society towards women in his monologue. The society of that time expected women to simply obey. She should only reserve her charms for her husband. She must not even try to be beautiful in her own painting. The mere act of being happy, pleasant to anyone regardless of rank and stature in life, and to love the simple pleasures in life as watching the sunset or riding a mule in the case of the Duchess, were all considered acts of unfaithfulness. In short, it was a sin to be naturally beautiful and to have a happy disposition. Men liked to control their wives. Being the only one who could open the curtain to reveal the painting of his beautiful and smiling late wife is symbolic of how this man would do anything to control his wife. If he couldn’t stop his wife from smiling at anyone when she was still alive, at least when she was dead and only lived through her painting the Duke could finally decide as to whom to share his wife’s smiles and charms. Through the painting done by a master, she has also became the expensive commodity that she should have been while living, but a role of which she never assumed because she stooped to being accessible to anyone, much to the disappointment of her husband, the Duke. Noble women should assume the position that their rank in society expected them to and this meant they should be unreachable in the eyes of commoners. They should not be easily pleased with trifle matters like favors from servants. Finally, the talk of arranging his new marriage with the father of his future bride suggests how women were not allowed to express an opinion even to the important topic of whom to spend the rest of their life with. Women were commodities traded upon by men and they have price tags called dowries. By showing the Count’s emissary the painting of his former wife and telling him why he didn’t like her conduct sends the message as to how he expects his next wife to behave. Otherwise, she might become another Last Duchess, another hidden painting in the house. Therefore, this monologue, like many of Browning’s monologues, reflects on his interpretations of his society.   However, by using a character’s reflections on a particular thought, Browning can somewhat mask his inner feelings and thoughts.   The aspects of his reflections come across clearly, and in this monologue, Browning is obviously taking a deeper look at the treatment of women. Work Cited Browning, Robert. My Last Duchess.   2009 April 21. 2011 May 4. . My Last Duchess Analysis.   2007 January 7. 2011 May 4. My Last Duchess Discussion.   2008 May 14.   2011 May 4.